A connectome of a learning and memory center in the adult Drosophila brain
نویسندگان
چکیده
Understanding memory formation, storage and retrieval requires knowledge of the underlying neuronal circuits. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of associative learning. We reconstructed the morphologies and synaptic connections of all 983 neurons within the three functional units, or compartments, that compose the adult MB's α lobe, using a dataset of isotropic 8 nm voxels collected by focused ion-beam milling scanning electron microscopy. We found that Kenyon cells (KCs), whose sparse activity encodes sensory information, each make multiple en passant synapses to MB output neurons (MBONs) in each compartment. Some MBONs have inputs from all KCs, while others differentially sample sensory modalities. Only 6% of KC>MBON synapses receive a direct synapse from a dopaminergic neuron (DAN). We identified two unanticipated classes of synapses, KC>DAN and DAN>MBON. DAN activation produces a slow depolarization of the MBON in these DAN>MBON synapses and can weaken memory recall.
منابع مشابه
Effect of administration of ascorbic acid and dopamine D2 receptors agonist in the hippocampal CA1 area on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats
Previous studies have shown that ascorbic acid (AA) plays a crucial role in mammalian brain as avitamin and neuronal modulator. There is increasing evidence indicating that dopaminergic system and AAcould affect learning and memory processes. In addition, vitamin C acts as a dopamine antagonist in thebrain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intra-hippocampal co-administration of ...
متن کاملComparing the Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Diverse Values on Anxiety, Memory, Learning, and Β-Amyloid Deposition in Adult Rats
Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) have gathered significant consideration for their possible pathogenicity. However, their effects on nervous system functions were not fully clarified. In this study, our aim was to assay the effect of ELF-EMFs with different intensity on memory, anxiety, antioxidant activity, beta amyloid (Aβ) deposition and microglia populat...
متن کاملThe effect of injection of estradiol benzoate into hippocampal CA1 area on spatial learning and memory in intact and castrated adult male rats
Estrogen has a widespread and complex influence on brain capabilities such as learning and memory. On the other hand, hippocampus as one of the main brain structures has an important role in spatial information processing. There is some evidence on the existence of estrogen receptors in the hippocampal CA1 area. So, in this study the effect of intrahippocampal injection of estradiol benzoate on...
متن کاملThe Role of Estrogen Receptors on Spatial Learning and Memory in CA1 Region of Adult Male Rat Hippocampus
The hippocampal system plays an important role in memory function. Neurohormones like androgens and estrogens that syntheses in hippocampus have an important role in learning and memory. Many biological effects of estrogens in the brain via estrogenic receptors (ERs) are investigated. The current research has conducted to assess the effect of estrogenic receptors on spatial discrimination in ra...
متن کاملThe Role of Estrogen Receptors on Spatial Learning and Memory in CA1 Region of Adult Male Rat Hippocampus
The hippocampal system plays an important role in memory function. Neurohormones like androgens and estrogens that syntheses in hippocampus have an important role in learning and memory. Many biological effects of estrogens in the brain via estrogenic receptors (ERs) are investigated. The current research has conducted to assess the effect of estrogenic receptors on spatial discrimination in ra...
متن کاملMaternal feeding with walnuts (Juglans regia) improves learning and memory in their adult pups
Objective: Walnut (Juglans Regia) is a domestic fruit of Iran. Walnut kernel (WK) has many beneficial constituents such as unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and vitamin E. Scientific studies have shown that fatty acids and vitamin E can modulate learning and memory processes. The aim of the present work was to study effects of walnut consumption by mothers during pregnancy and lactation on...
متن کامل